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非谓语动词

非谓语动词指不能单独作谓语，但仍保留动词的某些特征的动词形式。非谓语动词包括不定式、动词 -ing 形式和过去分词。它们没有人称和数的变化，但可以有自己的逻辑主语、宾语、状语等。

一、非谓语动词的各种形式

二、非谓语动词在句中的一些用法

1. 动词 -ing 形式和不定式作主语和宾语

★作主语

通常，动词 -ing 形式着重过程，不定式着重结果。但有时二者有下列不同之处：

1）动词 -ing 形式的逻辑主语可能泛指人们，而不定式的逻辑主语则常是句子中的名词或代词。

2）动词 -ing 形式可表示一般或抽象的多次性的动作，而不定式则往往表示具体的或一次性的动作。

★作宾语

1）有些动词后常跟不定式作宾语。这类动词常见的有 agree, aim, arrange, choose, decide, demand, desire, determine, expect, fail, intend, learn, plan, manage, offer, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, threaten, wish 等。

2）有些动词后常跟动词 -ing 形式作宾语。这类动词常见的有 admit, dislike, appreciate, avoid, enjoy, bear, escape, stand, deny, consider, mind, miss, finish, resist, imagine, risk, practice, suggest 等。

2. 非谓语动词作定语

1）不定式作定语

a. 作定语的不定式与它所修饰的名词或代词在逻辑上可能是主谓关系，也可能是动宾关系。如：

The next train to arrive was from New York.

It was a game to remember.

b. 名词前有 only, last, next，序数词或形容词的最高级时，其后常用不定式作定语。如：

Rita was the only person to complain.

He was the first man to fly across the Atlantic.

Alex is the best man to do the job.

c. 有些名词的同根动词后常跟不定式，因而这些名词后也常跟不定式作定语。如：

Their offer to assist in the work was not taken seriously.

（比较：They offered to assist in the work.）

2）动词 -ing 形式作定语可表示正在进行的动作，也可表示经常发生的或短暂的动作以及经常存在的状态。如：

The woman sending her children to school is my history teacher.

A little child learning to walk often falls.

3）过去分词作定语常表示被动或已经发生的动作。如：

We’ve met the doctors sent to work here by the city hospital.

3. 非谓语动词作表语

1）不定式作表语，常用来说明主语的具体内容。如：

His ambition is to become a successful scientist.

2）动词 -ing 形式作表语，可用于说明主语的内容，而且可以转换到句首作主语，常指抽象的行为；也可表示主语的性质或特征。如：

My hobby is collecting stamps. = Collecting stamps is my hobby.

The novel is very boring.

3）过去分词作表语，常表示主语的状态。如：

I was delighted to receive your gifts.

4. 非谓语动词作状语

1）不定式作状语，常表示目的、原因、结果等。不定式作结果状语时，常用于 only + 不定式结构，表示未曾预料到的或令人不快的结果。如：

A friend of mine came to see me tonight.

I jumped with joy to hear it.

Alan lifted a rock only to drop it on his own feet.

2）动词 -ing 形式或过去分词作状语时，可以表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、方式、伴随情况等，其前可加连词 while, when, once, if, unless 等。如：

Crossing the street, he was knocked down by a car.

Frightened by the noise outside, the little girl dared not sleep in her bedroom.

He fell off the bike, breaking his left leg.

Seen through the eyes of a young friend, Einstein was a simple, modest and ordinary man.

A group of children were sitting around the teahcer, playing games.

When heated, ice will be changed into water.

5. 非谓语动词作补语

1）动词 -ing 形式表示正在进行的活动或反复的动作，而不定式则表示整个活动或事件的全过程。如：

I see him passing my house every day.

I asked George to convey my best wishes to his mother.

2）感官动词和使役动词后常接省略 to 的不定式作宾语补足语，但用于被动语态时，需把 to 补出来。如：

Someone saw Mary enter the building about the time the crime was committed.

Mary was seen to enter the building about the time the crime was committed.

另外，感官动词后也可接动词 -ing 形式作补语，表示动作正在进行。如：

Once in the middle of the night I woke and heard the wind blowing.

三、非谓语动词独立结构

非谓语动词可有其独立的逻辑主语。这种逻辑主语常常是名词或代词，置于非谓语动词之前，二者构成非谓语动词独立结构。这种独立结构常用作状语。如：

Lots of homework to do, I have to stay at home all day.

The audience having seated themselves, the concert began.

The task completed, we had a global traveling.

高考链接

用括号内动词的正确形式填空。

1. You don’t have to run fast or for long ________________ (see) the benefit. You may drink, smoke, be overweight and still reduce your risk of ________________ (die) early by running.

2. The government encourages farmers to grow corn instead of rice ________________ (improve) water quality.

3. China’s approach to protecting its environment while ________________ (feed) its citizens offers useful lessons for agriculture and food policymakers worldwide, says the bank’s Juergen Voegele.

4. I quickly lower myself, ducking my head to avoid ________________ (look) directly into his eyes so he doesn’t feel ________________ (challenge).

5. He was just saying: I’m king of this forest, and here is your reminder! Once his message was delivered, he allowed me ________________ (stay) and watch.

6. I still remember ________________ (visit) a friend who’d lived here for five years and I was shocked when I learnt she hadn’t cooked once in all that time.

7. Around 13,500 new jobs were created during the period, ________________ (exceed) the expected number of 12,000 held by market analysts.

8. I need a new passport so I will have to have my photograph ________________ (take).

9. I didn’t mean ________________ (eat) anything but the ice cream looked so good that I couldn’t help ________________ (try) it.

10. ________________ (travel) along the old Silk Road is an interesting and rewarding experience.

11. During the Mid-Autumn Festival, family members often gather together ________________ (share) a meal, admire the moon and enjoy moon cakes.

12. Ordinary soap, ________________ (use) correctly, can deal with bacteria effectively.

Key:

1. to see; dying 2. to improve 3. feeding 4. looking; challenged

5. to stay 6. visiting 7. exceeding 8. taken

9. to eat; trying 10. Traveling / To travel 11. to share 12. Used

非谓语动词专项练习

I. 用括号内动词的正确形式填空。

1. David threatened ________ (report) his neighbour to the police if the damages were not paid.

2. He hurried to the booking office only ________ (tell) that all the tickets had been sold out.

3. The man ________ (give) a lecture in the hall at the moment is a famous scholar.

4. I still remember ________ (take) to the Famen Temple and what I saw there.

5. Thousands of holidaymakers remained ________ (stick) abroad due to the volcanic ash cloud.

6. Listen! Do you hear someone ________ (call) for help?

7. The living room is clean and tidy, with a dining table already ________ (lay) for a meal to be cooked.

8. I know nothing about the experiment ________ (conduct) now.

9. Your ________ (come) to help is a great encouragement to me.

10. It’s essential ________ (know) all the facts.

II. 选用括号内合适的内容补全下面句子。

1. ________ (Polluted, Polluting) water and air are harmful to people’s health.

2. ________ (Blinded, Blinding) by the snow, almost ________ (freezing, frozen) after the long journey, the explorer could not even strike a match.

3. Sheryl forgot ________ (bringing, to bring) her purse, so I lent her ten dollars.

4. Lydia really regrets ________ (to drop, dropping) out of high school. She has really had to struggle to make a living because of that decision.

5. He wasn’t asked to take on the chairmanship of the society, ________ (being considered, to be considered) unpopular with all members.

6. Although he’s a teenager, Fred could resist ________ (being told, having been told) what to do and what not to do.

III. 选用方框内合适的动词并用其正确形式填空（每个动词限用一次）。

tremble, introduce, take, hike, bathe, catch, want, disagree, sign, bend

1. With everything ________________ into consideration, we all think this is a very good plan.

2. I worked so late in the office last night that I hardly had time ________________ the last bus.

3. _______________ for about 14 miles, the team members were very tired.

4. Not ________________ to draw attention to himself, Martin wouldn’t ask questions.

5. ________________ for three hours, Mike’s fingers and toes were wrinkled.

6. Her brother, ________________ with her, broke into the discussion.

7. Bernie was sitting at his desk, his head ________________ over a sheet of graph paper.

8. The agreement ________________, Lefty and Gary shook hands for the photographer.

9. His voice ________________ with anger, he ordered us to leave.

10. Children ________________ to music early develop strong intellectual skills.

IV. 判断下面句子中非谓语动词的逻辑主语和主句主语相同（S）还是不同（D）。如果不同，请将该句改写为正确的句子。

1. Painted bright yellow, I could see the signs clearly from a distance.

2. Hearing a noise from one of the bedrooms, I quietly climbed upstairs.

3. Laughing at her new hat, Jing looked really angry with me.

4. Kept in the fridge, the cheese should stay fresh for weeks.

5. Holding her umbrella tightly, she went out into the storm.

6. Talking to each other in the library, I asked them to keep quiet.

7. Caught in traps put on the riverbed at night, many fishermen depend on fish for their livelihood.

8. Worried that Zahira hadn’t arrived, I decided to phone her home.

V. 根据括号内的汉语提示补全下面句子（每空一词）。

1. The church, ________ ________ ________ ________ (被一场火毁坏的), was never rebuilt.

2. ________ ________ ________ ________ (受闪电惊吓), she pulled the blanket over her head.

3. He was proud ________ ________ ________ ________ (已被选上) to lead the project.

4. From the dates ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ (金币上标记的), the scientists learnt that it was made five hundred years ago.

5. I have a lot of ________ ________ ________ (文件要读) before the end of this week.

6. Mrs. Li showed her students ________ ________ ________ ________ (一些借来的旧照片) from the city library.

7. With Mother’s Day around the corner, I have taken some money out of the bank ________ ________ ________ (去买礼物) for my mum.

VI. 用括号内动词的正确形式完成下面短文。

A

Access to a clean, reliable water supply is essential to our survival. 1. ________ (cover) over 70% percent of the earth’s surface, water is apparently plentiful. But in fact, less than 1% of all the water on earth is accessible for human use in lakes, rivers and reservoirs. Renewed by rain and snowfall, this water supply is available to us as a finite (有限的) but sustainable resource. As the demand for access to this 2. ________ (limit) supply increase, it is thought that as many as 3.5 billion people could experience water shortages by 2025. A worldwide water management plan is vital. An international campaign must be introduced 3. ________ (raise) public awareness of the importance of 4. ________ (save) and 5. ________ (recycle) this precious resource. Furthermore, industry and agriculture must be made 6. ________ (reduce) their water consumption. Only in this way can water-related international conflicts be avoided.

B

There are different comments on the book Helping Children to Succeed.

（1）

I found Helping Children to Succeed to be a(n) 1. ________ (inspire) book. What was the most 2. ________ (fascinate) to me was the research finding that children from wealthy families are no more prepared for a successful independent future than children from poorer families. The author shows that children from all backgrounds need to learn not only how 3. ________ (work) hard but also how 4. ________ (deal) with failure without 5. ________ (fall) to pieces. The book shows convincingly how poor children as well as middle class children and those from wealthier homes are capable of 6. ________ (learn) these skills necessary for future success. This has made me 7. ________ (feel) very optimistic that no child will fail because of their family background and that something can be done 8. ________ (increase) the life chances of poor children.

（2）

I enjoyed Helping Children to Succeed, but in many ways I also found it 1. ________ (disappoint). 2. ________ (finish) reading the book, I think the title itself is 3. ________ (mislead) because it focuses primarily on children who fail. Most research studies 4. ________ (quote) by the author illustrate how difficult it is for children from disadvantaged homes 5. ________ (succeed) or indeed to escape from a cycle of failure. I bought the book for the library where I work, 6. ________ (think) it might offer parents strategies for 7. ________ (bring) up children to be successful. In practice, the main strategies 8. ________ (recommend) by the author are the following: avoid 9. ________ (become) poor and don’t expect your children to succeed at everything. He also suggests that children should get used to occasional failures. In my opinion this is an unnecessarily negative outlook.

责编 | 杨宁

审稿 | 李栋

校稿 | 吕放

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