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丸趣 TV 小编给大家分享一下 mysql 索引失效的原因,希望大家阅读完这篇文章后大所收获,下面让我们一起去探讨吧!
索引对于 MySQL 而言,是非常重要的篇章。索引知识点也巨多,要想掌握透彻,需要逐个知识点一一击破,今天来先来聊聊哪些情况下会导致索引失效。
图片总结版
相关免费学习推荐:mysql 视频教程
全值匹配(索引最佳)
explain select * from user where name = zhangsan and age = 20 and pos = cxy and phone = 18730658760
和索引顺序无关,MySQL 底层的优化器会进行优化,调整索引的顺序
explain select * from user where name = zhangsan and age = 20 and pos = cxy and phone = 18730658760
1、违反最左前缀法则
如果索引有多列,要遵守最左前缀法则
即查询从索引的最左前列开始并且不跳过索引中的列
explain select * from user where age = 20 and phone = 18730658760 and pos = cxy
2、在索引列上做任何操作
如计算、函数、(自动 or 手动)类型转换等操作,会导致索引失效从而全表扫描
explain select * from user where left(name,5) = zhangsan and age = 20 and phone = 18730658760
3、索引范围条件右边的列
索引范围条件右边的索引列会失效
explain select * from user where name = zhangsan and age 20 and pos = cxy
4、尽量使用覆盖索引
只访问索引查询(索引列和查询列一致),减少 select*
explain select name,age,pos,phone from user where age = 20;
5、使用不等于(!=、)
mysql 在使用不等于(!=、)的时候无法使用索引会导致全表扫描(除覆盖索引外)explain select * from user where age != 20;
explain select * from user where age 20;
6、like 以通配符开头(%abc)
索引失效
explain select * from user where name like %zhangsan
索引生效
explain select * from user where name like zhangsan%
7、字符串不加单引号索引失效
explain select * from user where name = 2000;
8、or 连接
少用 or
explain select * from user where name = 2000 or age = 20 or pos = cxy
9、order by
正常(索引参与了排序)explain select * from user where name = zhangsan and age = 20 order by age,pos;
备注:索引有两个作用:排序和查找
导致额外的文件排序(会降低性能)explain select name,age from user where name = zhangsan order by pos;// 违反最左前缀法则
explain select name,age from user where name = zhangsan order by pos,age;// 违反最左前缀法则
explain select * from user where name = zhangsan and age = 20 order by created_time,age;// 含非索引字段
10、group by
正常(索引参与了排序)explain select name,age from user where name = zhangsan group by age;
备注:分组之前必排序(排序同 order by)
导致产生临时表(会降低性能)explain select name,pos from user where name = zhangsan group by pos;// 违反最左前缀法则
explain select name,age from user where name = zhangsan group by pos,age;// 违反最左前缀法则
explain select name,age from user where name = zhangsan group by age,created_time;// 含非索引字段
使用的示例数据
mysql show create table user \G
******************************************************
Table: user
Create Table: CREATE TABLE `user` ( `id` int(10) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
`name` varchar(20) DEFAULT NULL,
`age` int(10) DEFAULT 0 ,
`pos` varchar(30) DEFAULT NULL,
`phone` varchar(11) DEFAULT NULL,
`created_time` datetime DEFAULT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
KEY `idx_name_age_pos_phone` (`name`,`age`,`pos`,`phone`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci
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